Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

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Introduction

Almost all behavior is motivated by something. Nevertheless, not all motivators are equal and not all motivators come from the same place. Sometimes you do things because you have to, like drive on the correct side of the road, wait in line patiently, or pay for purchases. At other times, you do things because you want to, like drive over the speed limit, sing a song, or buy a pair of outrageously-priced shoes. Yet, some individuals have other motivators. For example, they may do things for the greater good to elicit social change, like Mother Teresa’s work with the poor or Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s work for equality. What is this type of motivation and where does it originate?

This week, you explore intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Readings

  • Article: Çınar, O., Bektaş, Ç., & Aslan, I. (2011). A motivation study on the effectiveness of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Economics & Management, 16, 690–695.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library using the Business Source Complete database.
  • Article: Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(1), 14–23.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library using the Academic Search Complete database.
  • Article: Reiss, S. (2004). Multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation: The theory of 16 basic desires. Review of General Psychology, 8(3), 179–193.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library using the PsycARTICLES database.

Intrinsic motivation is motivation that stems from interest in an activity or joy, pleasure, or fulfillment inherent in a task. Extrinsic motivation stems from outside pressure that may come in the form of rewards, incentives, competition, or punishment. For instance, you might be intrinsically motivated to read a journal article on a topic about which you are interested. You might also be extrinsically motivated to read a journal article because you have to for a class or a job. For any given action, an individual’s motivating factor may be avoidance of unpleasant consequences. Other times, it may be for desire for reward. And still other times, an individual may be motivated into unpleasant consequences believing the end result will be positive.

To prepare for this Discussion, think of a situation in which you were intrinsically motivated and a situation in which you were extrinsically motivated. Then, consider whether it is possible for an individual to be entirely intrinsically or extrinsically motivated.

Post by Day 4 a description of a situation in which you were primarily intrinsically motivated and a situation in which you were primarily extrinsically motivated. Explain whether it is possible for an individual to be entirely intrinsically or extrinsically motivated and why.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.

Utilitarism

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ASSIGNMENT

1. First, outline and explain Mill’s argument for the Principle of Utility.

2. Second, in light of Mill’s argument for utilitarian ethics, consider the question, “Is it morally right for many to live happily at the cost of one person’s suffering?” Provide an argument for youranswer. Use the scenario presented in “The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas” for your answer.

DIRECTION

• Length – 1000 -1500 words

• Make sure to cite your sources! You must still cite any outside sources you use for reference or support. You must provide a Works Cited page at the end of your essay.

• The text of your work must be formatted in 12pt, Times New Roman, double spaced with normal margins.

Complete 2 Assignments for Sociology and Business Negotiations

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ASSIGNMENT 1:

Stereotypes

Think back to the stereotypes that you have seen in the past. For the assignment this week, write a 750 (or more) word, APA style paper that addresses the following:

  1. List a few of the stereotypes or types of stereotypes.
  2. In what ways do they exaggerate the group?
  3. What aspects do you believe are true?
  4. Why do you believe they are true?
  5. Think back to the stereotypes that you have seen over the past.
  6. What is your perspective of people who used those stereotypes?

ASSIGNMENT 2:

Final Exam

The following exam is a final comprehensive exam, which consists of five essay questions. This exam is designed to test your critical and analytical skills, and your overall understanding of the negotiation process.

APA formatting is NOT required.

  1. Compare and contrast the distributive bargaining and integrative negotiation situation. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of each method, and how they affect the negotiation process. (A minimum of 300 words is required for this essay).
  2. Identify and explain the kinds of tactics in negotiation that might be considered as ethically questionable. Why do negotiators use these tactics? What are the motives and consequences of using such tactics? (Be as detailed as possible. A minimum of 300 words is required for this essay).
  3. Discuss the role of mood and emotion in negotiation process, and examine the effects of positive and negative emotions in negotiation. (Be specific, and provide a minimum of 300 words this essay).
  4. Analyze the influence of culture on negotiation from the research perspectives. What are the effects of culture on negotiation outcomes, on the process and information flow, and the effects of culture on negotiator ethics and tactics? (Be specific, and provide a minimum of 300 words).
  5. Evaluate why power is important to negotiators, and how to best deal with negotiators who have more power. (Be detailed, and provide a minimum of 300 words).

Body Image and Do Video Games Encourage Sexist Behavior?

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“Body Image” Please respond to the following:

  • Debate It – take a position on this statement: Media cause individuals to develop negative and unrealistic body images. Support your views with two or three reasons and / or examples. (Cite any sources you referenced.)
  • Debate It – take a position on this statement: Males and females are both targeted about body image to the same extent by advertisers. Support your views with one or two reasons and / or examples. (Cite any sources you referenced.)

“Do Video Games Encourage Sexist Behavior?” Please respond to the following:

  • Discuss one or two conflicting issues involving the view that video games encourage sexist behavior.
  • Debate It – Take a position on this statement: Violent video games encourage sexist behavior in adolescent and adult men. Support your views with two or three reasons and / or examples. (Cite any sources you referenced.)

History Research Question

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Answer the Mandotary question and then Select any four questions of the eight options of your choice and ensure that you answer all parts of the question. Each answer should be at a minimum two- three page and doubled spaced. The average papers for all four-question range between 10-12 pages. I encourage you to use the internet to expand your answers with the primary text book.

Mandotary Question: How did Britain secure its hold on India and what colonial policies led to the beginnings of Indian Nationalism?

1.

  • What were the demographic effects of the Columbian exchange?
  • Compare and explain the reasons for differences or similarities between the European colonies of North and South America.
  • State and justify your position on the role of the Catholic Church in regard to relations with the Amerindian people in either the Spanish or the French American colonies.

2.

  • Describe capitalism and mercantilism and explain their roles in the development of the Atlantic system.
  • What factors led to the development of the African slave trade?
  • What effects did slavery have on economic life in Africa?

3.

  • How was the Ottoman Empire administered under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)?
  • What were the roles of the Portuguese, Oman, and the Dutch in the development of trade in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia?
  • What factors led to the decline of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires?

4.

  • What did the Russian and Qing Empires have in common, and how did these common features affect the relationship between the two?
  • Both the Qing and the Tokugawa governments were in decline by 1800. What reasons lay behind the decline of each government?

5.

  • Discuss the causes, conduct and consequences of the French, and the Haitian revolutions.
  • What roles did Enlightenment thought and folk cultures play in the making of the eighteenth century revolutions?
  • How did revolution in one country help incite revolutions elsewhere?

6.

  • Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain rather than in continental Europe or the United States?
  • What exactly is meant by the Industrial Revolution? What were the economic changes that revolutionized manufacturing in the eighteenth century and led to the factory system?
  • How did the Industrial Revolution change people’s lives and the environment in which they lived and worked?
  • 7.
  • What were the benefits and drawbacks to the Ottoman Empire as they attempted to modernize and reform during the Tanzimat period?
  • Discuss the causes, conduct and consequences of the Crimean War.
  • What internal and external challenges did the Qing Empire face in the early 1830-1870s?

8.

  • What were the causes of the revolutions for independence in Latin America (Venezuela, Mexico and Brazil between 1800 and 1850s?
  • Who were some of the key individuals associated with the fight for independence in Latin America?
  • What economic and social factors led to the abolitionist and women’s rights movement? Who was William Wilberforce and how did he contribute the abolition of slavery in England?

Neuron and electrical properties of neuron

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Electrical Brain Stimulation

The electrical signaling within each neuron is not just of theoretical interest. Knowing the electrical basis of brain functioning offers an understanding of disorders such as epilepsy, so that physicians can help people avoid or control seizures. There is growing evidence that implanting electrodes in the brain can offer relief for movement and mental disorders. However, the power to manipulate the brain’s electrical signals raises ethical questions. Does society have the right to force someone to receive electrical stimulation in the brain? For example, would it be acceptable to implant an electrode in the brain of a person convicted of murder that prevents the person from being aggressive?

For this week’s Discussion, you examine the electrical properties of individual neurons and the ethical implications of electrical brain stimulation.

With these thoughts in mind:

Post by Day 4 a brief description of the electrical properties of an individual neuron. Then explain how those properties may change over time. Finally, describe the potential ethical implications of implanting an electrode in the brain of a person convicted of murder that prevents the person from being aggressive, instead of sending him or her to prison. Support your postings and responses with specific references to the literature and Learning Resources.